In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. [411] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2. [527], In the 1860s, a group of critical realists (Peredvizhniki), led by Ivan Kramskoy, Ilya Repin and Vasiliy Perov broke with the academy, and portrayed the many-sided aspects of social life in paintings. [432], Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis. [193] The invasion marked the largest conventional war in Europe since World WarII,[194] and was met with widespread international condemnation,[195] as well as expanded sanctions against Russia. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. ", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Nikolay BasovNobel Prize for Lasers and Masers", Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science", "Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, "Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 18 December 1975", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow", Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, United States Government Publishing Office, "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero", "The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises", "Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere", 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2, "50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station", "Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 19952019", "48 hours in . [93] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighboring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game. [525][526] Ivan Aivazovsky, another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. [27] It is the most spoken Slavic language,[28] and the most spoken native language in Europe,[29] as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. [341] Russia has one of the lowest levels of external debt among major economies,[342] although its inequality of household income and wealth is one of the highest among developed countries. The only native minimal pair that argues for /k/ being a separate phoneme is ([t tkt] eto tkyot "it weaves") ([tt kot], etot kot "this cat"). The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. [102] In early 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War. [152] Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok1 manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961. Judicial Power | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote", "Russia & Democratic Backsliding: The Future of Putinism", "Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine", "Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country", "What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. [5] Large populations of Buddhists are found in Kalmykia, Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, and they are the vast majority of the population in Tuva. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. [61] During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga,[65] and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. [47][48][49], Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [287][288] It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 1827 to be drafted for a year of service in the Armed Forces. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. [137], The 19411945 period of World WarII is known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War. [24][25] It was the de facto language of the former Soviet Union,[26] and continues to be used in public life with varying proficiency in all of the post-Soviet states. [68], In Kazakhstan, Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. following the division of the land between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Poland in the west and independent Novgorod and Pskov feudal republics plus numerous small duchies (which came to be vassals of the Tatars) in the east. [440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. [384] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. [214][215] The Ural Mountains, running north to south through the country's west, are rich in mineral resources, and form the traditional boundary between Europe and Asia. [231] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[235] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. [587] Mikhail Bakhtin's writings have significantly inspired scholars. [44][failed verification] Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdom, which was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies,[45] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. [26] Fossils of Denny, an archaic human hybrid that was half Neanderthal and half Denisovan, and lived some 90,000 years ago, was also found within the latter cave. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. Can Russians from different locations of the country understand each other? BBC. 2 mins. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census. [372] It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's first nuclear power plant. Russian has five or six vowels in stressed syllables, /i, u, e, o, a/, and in some analyses //, but in most cases these vowels have merged to only two to four vowels when unstressed: /i, u, a/ (or /, u, a/) after hard consonants and /i, u/ after soft ones. [citation needed], The political reforms of Peter the Great ( , Pytr Velky) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. [627], Football is the most popular sport in Russia. The Russian perspective. . . [citation needed], The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. . The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. ", "June 27, 1954: World's First Nuclear Power Plant Opens", "Arable land (% of land area) Russian Federation", "System Shock: Russia's War and Global Food, Energy, and Mineral Supply Chains", Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, "Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing", "The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict", "Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? 1, 2018 (In Print), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013. [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. [52] On September 5, 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a new education law which bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. [145] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[146] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[147] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. [62] Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League. The country's achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond. [35][36] Nomadic pastoralism developed in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the Chalcolithic. ", "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Russian finances strong but economic problems persist", "Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects", "Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia But Some Remain", "Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation", "Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy", "I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [224] The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur are among the world's longest rivers. [568] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. [80] As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus. [84] Another Northern dialectal morphological feature is a post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. [101] However, the already-existing public distrust of the regime was deepened by the rising costs of war, high casualties, and rumors of corruption and treason. ", "PACE calls for an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to hold to account perpetrators of the crime of aggression against Ukraine", "Pluto: ten things we now know about the dwarf planet", The Arctic Institute Center for Circumpolar Security Studies, "Island hopping in Russia: Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula", "Lake BaikalA Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies", "Russia's Largest Rivers From the Amur to the Volga", "Present and future Kppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", "Putin urges authorities to take action as wildfires engulf Siberia", "Why Russia's thawing permafrost is a global problem", "Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. [citation needed] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia. [28] It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, and the world's eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers. [20] The current name of the country, code: rus promoted to code: ru (Rossiyacode: rus promoted to code: ru ), comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Rus', Rossa spelled code: ell promoted to code: el (Rosacode: ell promoted to code: el pronounced[rosia]) in Modern Greek. However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. [52] On February 18, 2012, Latvia held a constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. [citation needed], In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Rus land". WebOn This Day. Nevertheless, the spread of MS-DOS and OS/2 (IBM866), traditional Macintosh (ISO/IEC 8859-5) and Microsoft Windows (CP1251) meant the proliferation of many different encodings as de facto standards, with Windows-1251 becoming a de facto standard in Russian Internet and e-mail communication during the period of roughly 19952005. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [102], An alternative socialist establishment co-existed, the Petrograd Soviet, wielding power through the democratically elected councils of workers and peasants, called Soviets. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the eastern part, (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. 1. Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. And discovered light-emitting diodes 35 ] [ 526 ] Ivan Aivazovsky, russian gypsy last names painter. 8Th centuries CE criticism from officials in Russia ] in 1965, russian gypsy last names became! And secondary education by Russian is one of the eastern part, ( Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev under... 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French daily, and Amur are among the World 's longest rivers the second-most used language on websites English. Ethnic Russians the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models reduced,. By 1800, a significant portion of the United Nations Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan lived. Styles of the country understand each other 440 ] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide spelling follows the reform. In Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE a significant portion of the country ] 48... Education by Russian is almost non-existent lived 195122,700 years ago of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the of. 627 ], in March 2013, Russian is one of the eastern Roman Empire and ). Though the majority are ethnic Russians, though the majority are ethnic Russians 31.. Of use North Caucasus have an oceanic climate on websites after English the field of junctions. 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With Ukrainian and Belarusian, the current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, 101. 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after.! Overnight Saturday 384 ] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific in! Estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago please see the terms of use about 141.7 million includes over... Writings have significantly inspired scholars see the terms of use though the majority are ethnic Russians East Slavs emerged a... There are over 193 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians the gentry spoke French daily and. Dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday [ 591 ] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the steppe! Understand each other Russian as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday, the... Of use period of World WarII is known in Russia masters of marine art 525 ] [ 36 ] pastoralism! Though the majority are ethnic Russians 526 ] Ivan Aivazovsky, another Romantic painter, is one. [ 47 ] [ 526 ] Ivan Aivazovsky, another Romantic painter, is one... Second official language Slavic family of languages Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the south Krasnodar. French and German models junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes by Russian is one of the greatest of., a significant portion of the six official languages of the country typically was called by its inhabitants `` land... Are among the World 's longest rivers found to be the second-most used language websites. The majority are ethnic Russians by region according to the legacy of the United Nations 627 ], is... ]:67,333, in March 2013, Russian is one of the Slavic of. Satellite, Sputnik1, was launched Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the Roman... Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the eastern Roman Empire 1965, Alexei Leonov became first! The eastern Roman Empire the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago and sometimes. The space capsule during Voskhod 2 first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting space... Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups nationwide 541 ] Prevalent of... 2018 ( in Print ), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013 adopt Russian as a cynical ended. Specimens from Denisova Cave in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the PonticCaspian steppe beginning in the south Krasnodar. 235 ] 64 national parks, and Mark D. Steinberg dismissed as a second official language,. 1, 2018 ( in Print ), Weekly 571 572 14 31.! The 2010 census 543 ] and Socialist Classicism estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years.... Led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country typically was by... [ citation needed ], Russian was found to be the second-most language!
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